Effect of Parenteral Supplementation of Minerals and Vitamins on Oxidative Stress Biomarkers and Hepatic Fatty Acid Metabolism in Dairy Cows During the Transition Period.

In the present work we aimed to study the effects of parenteral vitamin and mineral supplementation on hepatic fatty acid metabolism as well as on the oxidative stress biomarkers in biological samples of transition cows. The supplemented group (SG, n = 11) received a subcutaneous injection of 5 mL of vitamin A palmitate 35 mg/mL, vitamin E acetate 50 mg/mL plus other injection of 5 mL of copper edetate 10 mg/mL, zinc edetate 40 mg/mL, manganese edetate 10 mg/mL, and sodium selenite 5 mg/mL on days - 60, - 30, and 7 (± 3) relative to calving. The control group (CG, n = 11) received two subcutaneous injections of 5 mL of 9 mg/mL sodium chloride at the same times of the SG. Blood, urine, and liver biopsies were sampled 21 (± 3) days before the expected calving date and 7 and 21 (± 3) days after calving. Results revealed that supplemented animals had higher glutation peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, lower and higher concentration of 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT) in the liver and plasma, respectively, higher expression of the mitochondrial beta-oxidation enzyme carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 in the liver, and lower content of hepatic triacylglycerol, mirroring plasma liver function parameters. No differences between groups were found in the superoxide dismutase activity, MDA concentrations, the protein abundance of peroxisomal acyl-CoA oxidase 1, diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha. These results suggest that the vitamin and mineral supplementation provided to dairy cows had a beneficial effect on GSH-Px activity, hepatic 3-NT concentration, and on the metabolic adaptation during the peripartum period.

Effect of organic mineral supplementation in reducing oxidative stress in Holstein calves during short-term heat stress and recovery conditions.

BACKGROUND: This study investigated the effects of inorganic and organic minerals on physiological responses, oxidative stress reduction, and rumen microbiota in Holstein bull calves (123.81 ± 9.76 kg; 5 months old) during short-term heat stress (HS) and recovery periods. Eight Holstein calves were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: no mineral supplementation (Con), inorganic minerals (IM), organic minerals (OM), and high-concentration organic minerals (HOM) and two thermal environments (HS and recovery) using 4 × 2 factorial arrangement in a crossover design of four periods of 35 d. Calves were maintained in a temperature-controlled barn. The experimental period consisted of 14 d of HS, 14 d of recovery condititon, and a 7-d washing period. RESULTS: Body temperature and respiration rate were higher in HS than in the recovery conditions (P < 0.05). Selenium concentration in serum was high in the HOM-supplemented calves in both HS (90.38 µg/dL) and recovery periods (102.00 µg/dL) (P < 0.05). During the HS period, the serum cortisol was 20.26 ng/mL in the HOM group, which was 5.60 ng/mL lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). The total antioxidant status was the highest in the OM group (2.71 mmol Trolox equivalent/L), followed by the HOM group during HS, whereas it was highest in the HOM group (2.58 mmol Trolox equivalent/L) during the recovery period (P < 0.05). Plasma malondialdehyde and HSP70 levels were decreased by HOM supplementation during the HS and recovery periods, whereas SOD and GPX levels were not significantly affected (P > 0.05). The principal coordinate analysis represented that the overall rumen microbiota was not influenced by mineral supplementation; however, temperature-induced microbial structure shifts were indicated (PERMANOVA: P < 0.05). At the phylum level, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria decreased, whereas Fibrobacteres, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes increased (P < 0.05), under HS conditions. The genus Treponema increased under HS conditions, while Christensenella was higher in recovery conditions (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: HOM supplementation during HS reduced cortisol concentrations and increased total antioxidant status in Holstein bull calves, suggesting that high organic mineral supplementation may alleviate the adverse effects of HS.

The Efficacy of an Over-the-Counter Multivitamin and Mineral Supplement to Prevent Infections in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Remission With Immunomodulators and/or Biological Agents: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: Patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) treated with immunomodulators or biologic therapy are at increased risk of infections. Malnutrition and vitamin or mineral deficiencies are common among patients with IBD. The results of various studies have indicate that vitamin deficiencies might increase the risk of infections. To evaluate the efficacy of a multivitamin and mineral supplement on the incidence of infections in patients with IBD treated with immunomodulators, biologic therapy, or combination therapy. METHODS: This was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial to compare a multivitamin and mineral supplement (supplemented group) vs identical-in-appearance placebo (placebo group) in a total of 320 non-vitamin-deficient patients with IBD (Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis) in remission with immunomodulators, biologic therapy, or combination therapy. Participants were asked to take a daily multivitamin and mineral supplement or placebo and report the occurrence of infections during a 24-week period of follow-up. RESULTS: Treatment arms consisted of 162 and 158 patients for the supplement and placebo, respectively. In both treatment groups, 107 patients reported an infection during the 24-week follow-up period (unadjusted odds ratio, 0.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.56-1.48). In the supplemented group, 32 patients received antibiotics for an infection compared with 21 patients in the placebo group (unadjusted odds ratio, 1.61; 95% confidence interval, 0.88-2.93). CONCLUSIONS: An over-the-counter multivitamin and mineral supplement did not reduce the risk of infection for patients with IBD in remission with immunomodulators, biologic therapy, or combination therapy.

Patients with inflammatory bowel disease are at increased risk of infections due to vitamin or mineral deficiencies. An over-the-counter supplement did not reduce the risk of infection for patients with inflammatory bowel disease in remission with immunomodulators and/or biologic therapy.

Influence of Molybdenum and Organic Sources of Copper and Sulfur on the Performance, Carcass Traits, Blood Mineral Concentration, and Ceruloplasmin Activity in Lambs.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of molybdenum (Mo) and organic and inorganic sources of copper (Cu) and sulfur (S) on the performance, carcass traits, and blood concentration of these minerals in lambs. Forty male non-castrated crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês lambs (20 ± 1.2 kg of body weight and 90 ± 2 d of age) were randomly allocated into one of the ten following treatments: (T0) control, basal diet; (T1) Mo; (T2) inorganic Cu and inorganic S; (T3) inorganic Cu and organic S; (T4) organic Cu and inorganic S; (T5) organic Cu and organic S; (T6) Mo plus inorganic Cu and inorganic S; (T7) Mo plus inorganic Cu and organic S; (T8) Mo plus organic Cu and inorganic S; and (T9) Mo plus organic Cu and organic S. Regardless of the source, Mo, Cu, and S were added at levels of 10 mg, 10 mg, and 2000mg/kg DM, respectively. The mineral supplements (Mo, Cu, and S) were added into the total mixed ration (TMR) by mixing them apart with the mineral and vitamin premix and then put into the TMR. The animals were kept in individual pens and received a total mixed ration for 84 days. Body weight and blood sampling was performed every 28 days. All animals were slaughtered after 84 days, and carcass traits were evaluated. Although organic sources of Cu and S added to Mo supplementation had increased the ADG throughout the study, this effect did not reflect in the heavier final BW outcomes for this treatment. In addition, no effect of these treatments was observed on the carcass traits. The serum Cu concentration was higher for the T0 group compared to the other groups; otherwise, Mo reduced the serum Cu concentration compared to the other groups. Considering the interaction among the minerals and their sources at 84 d of study, organic sources of Cu and S treatment and Mo associated with inorganic sources of Cu plus organic S treatment had an increased serum Cu concentration compared to other groups. Regardless of time, organic sources of Cu and S increased serum S concentration. At 84 days after enrollment, serum Mo concentration was lower for the control group compared to the other groups. Further, Mo supplementation increased its blood concentration compared to the control group throughout the study. The control group had the highest ceruloplasmin activity compared to the other groups; otherwise, at 84 d of the study, either Mo or inorganic S supplementation reduced ceruloplasmin activity. Serum ceruloplasmin activity was higher when Cu supplementation, regardless of source, was associated with organic S. However, at d 84 of the study, inorganic Cu associated to organic S supplements increased serum ceruloplasmin activity. In this current study, it was not possible to identify a pattern in the variables studied, however, further studies are needed to confirm that organic sources of Cu and S interacted alone without a defined pattern.

Whole-body microbiota of newborn calves and their response to prenatal vitamin and mineral supplementation.

Early life microbial colonization and factors affecting colonization patterns are gaining interest due to recent developments suggesting that early life microbiome may play a role in Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. In cattle, limited information exists on the early microbial colonization of anatomical sites involved in bovine health beyond the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we investigated 1) the initial microbial colonization of seven different anatomical locations in newborn calves and 2) whether these early life microbial communities and 3) serum cytokine profiles are influenced by prenatal vitamin and mineral (VTM) supplementation. Samples were collected from the hoof, liver, lung, nasal cavity, eye, rumen (tissue and fluid), and vagina of beef calves that were born from dams that either received or did not receive VTM supplementation throughout gestation (n = 7/group). Calves were separated from dams immediately after birth and fed commercial colostrum and milk replacer until euthanasia at 30 h post-initial colostrum feeding. The microbiota of all samples was assessed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and qPCR. Calf serum was subjected to multiplex quantification of 15 bovine cytokines and chemokines. Our results indicated that the hoof, eye, liver, lung, nasal cavity, and vagina of newborn calves were colonized by site-specific microbiota, whose community structure differed from the ruminal-associated communities (0.64 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.12, p ≤ 0.003). The ruminal fluid microbial community was the only one that differed by treatment (p < 0.01). However, differences (p < 0.05) by treatment were detected in microbial richness (vagina); diversity (ruminal tissue, fluid, and eye); composition at the phylum and genus level (ruminal tissue, fluid, and vagina); and in total bacterial abundance (eye and vagina). From serum cytokines evaluated, concentration of chemokine IP-10 was greater (p = 0.02) in VTM calves compared to control calves. Overall, our results suggest that upon birth, the whole-body of newborn calves are colonized by relatively rich, diverse, and site-specific bacterial communities. Noticeable differences were observed in ruminal, vaginal, and ocular microbiota of newborn calves in response to prenatal VTM supplementation. These findings can derive future hypotheses regarding the initial microbial colonization of different body sites, and on maternal micronutrient consumption as a factor that may influence early life microbial colonization.

Fetal Hepatic Lipidome Is More Greatly Affected by Maternal Rate of Gain Compared with Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation at day 83 of Gestation.

Herein, we evaluated the hepatic lipid metabolic profiles of bovine fetuses in response to maternal vitamin and mineral supplementation (VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) or not (NoVTM)) and two different rates of gain (GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d, or moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d). Crossbred Angus heifers (n = 35; initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, resulting in the following treatment combinations: NoVTM-LG (n = 9), NoVTM-MG (n = 9), VTM-LG (n = 9), and VTM-MG (n = 8). Heifers received their treatments until d 83 of gestation, when they were ovariohysterectomized. Fetuses were harvested and liver samples were analyzed via ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy to characterize lipid profiles and abundances. We identified 374 biochemicals/metabolites belonging to 57 sub-pathways of the lipid metabolism super-pathway. The majority of the biochemicals/metabolites (n = 152) were significantly affected by the main effect of GAIN. Maternal moderate rates of gain resulted in greater abundances (p ≤ 0.0001) of ω-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoate, docosapentaenoate, and docosahexaenoate) and lower abundances (p ≤ 0.0001) of ω-6 fatty acids. Further, MG resulted in the accumulation of several diacylglycerols and depletion of the majority of the monoacylglycerols. Concentrations of nearly all acylcarnitines (p ≤ 0.03) were decreased in VTM-LG fetal livers compared to all other treatment combinations, indicating a greater rate of complete oxidation of fatty acids. Levels of secondary bile acids were impacted by VMSUP, being greater (p ≤ 0.0048) in NoVTM than in VTM fetal livers. Moreover, NoVTM combined with lower rate of gain resulted in greater concentrations of most secondary bile acid biochemicals/metabolites. These data indicate that maternal diet influenced and altered fetal hepatic lipid composition in the first trimester of gestation. Maternal body weight gain exerted a greater influence on fetal lipid profiles than vitamin and mineral supplementation. Specifically, lower rate of gain (0.28 kg/d) resulted in an increased abundance of the majority of the biochemicals/metabolites identified in this study.

Adherence to vitamin and mineral supplementation after bariatric surgery - A two-year cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Lifelong vitamin and mineral supplementation is recommended after bariatric surgery to prevent nutritional deficiencies, but it is not clear to which extent patients adhere to the recommended medication. The aim of this study was to assess adherence to supplementation. Additionally, we assessed predictors of low adherence and biochemical deficiencies. METHODS: 263 adults were followed two years post bariatric surgery (89.4 % Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 10.6 % sleeve gastrectomy) regarding adherence to calcium-vitamin D, vitamin B12 and iron. Pharmacy refill data was used to objectively capture adherence-rate. Predictors of low adherence were assessed via questionnaires and medical records. Blood sampling was performed preoperatively, and 1- and 2-years post-surgery. RESULTS: About 60 % of the study participants had high adherence-rate (≥ 80 %) two years post-surgery, but a significant proportion had discontinued the intended lifelong supplementation: 15 % for calcium-vitamin D and 12 % for B12. Biochemical deficiencies were uncommon two years after surgery, both in adherent and non-persistent subjects, except for a 10 % prevalence of anemia. Younger age, experience of side effects, mental health problems and no regular use of medication before surgery, were factors associated with low adherence. CONCLUSION: Substantial variation existed in adherence to supplementation regimens after bariatric surgery during the first two years after bariatric surgery, but biochemical deficiencies were rare. The results indicate need for tailored follow-up and strategies to support long-term persistence.

The effect of pre-calving injection of trace mineral supplements on periparturient disease incidence in pasture based dairy cows.

Trace minerals, have a role in immune function and a trace mineral supplement (TMS) can improve animal health in dairy herds. This prospective randomised clinical study assessed whether subcutaneous injection of 5.5 mL of TMS (40 mg zinc, 10 mg manganese, 5 mg selenium, 15 mg copper per mL), 14-28 days before planned start of calving (PSC) reduced clinical mastitis (CM), subclinical mastitis (SCM) and purulent vaginal discharge (PVD). From four farms, half of 1700 cows stratified on somatic cell count, age and breed were randomly allocated to treatment or no treatment. Occurrence of CM from - 7 to PSC + 100 days, SCM at PSC + 60 days and PVD at PSC + 24 days was analysed using survival analysis and Bayesian generalised mixed multivariable models. From -7 to PSC +30 days, TMS reduced the adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CM at quarter and cow level (P < 0.001), with no evidence for an effect beyond 30 days. The adjusted OR (and 95% highest density interval, HDI) for the effect of TMS on CM from -7 to PSC +30 days was 0.40 (95% HDI, 0.26-0.63) at quarter level, 0.51 (95% HDI, 0.38-0.69) at cow level and for SCM, 0.72 (95% HDI, 0.54-0.95). The difference in CM incidence from TMS at the cow level was -2.0% (95% HDI, -3.4 to -1.1%) and -1.2% (95% HDI, -3.2 to - 0.6%) at quarter level. No clear effect was identified of TMS on cumulative incidence of PVD.

Vitamin and Mineral Supplementation and Rate of Gain in Beef Heifers I: Effects on Dam Hormonal and Metabolic Status, Fetal Tissue and Organ Mass, and Concentration of Glucose and Fructose in Fetal Fluids at d 83 of Gestation.

Thirty-five crossbred Angus heifers (initial BW = 359.5 ± 7.1 kg) were randomly assigned to a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate effects of vitamin and mineral supplementation [VMSUP; supplemented (VTM) vs. unsupplemented (NoVTM)] and different rates of gain [GAIN; low gain (LG), 0.28 kg/d, vs. moderate gain (MG), 0.79 kg/d] during the first 83 d of gestation on dam hormone and metabolic status, fetal tissue and organ mass, and concentration of glucose and fructose in fetal fluids. The VMSUP was initiated 71 to 148 d before artificial insemination (AI), allowing time for mineral status of heifers to be altered in advance of breeding. At AI heifers were assigned their GAIN treatment. Heifers received treatments until the time of ovariohysterectomy (d 83 ± 0.27 after AI). Throughout the experiment, serum samples were collected and analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), progesterone (P4), insulin, and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). At ovariohysterectomy, gravid reproductive tracts were collected, measurements were taken, samples of allantoic (ALF) and amniotic (AMF) fluids were collected, and fetuses were dissected. By design, MG had greater ADG compared to LG (0.85 vs. 0.34 ± 0.04 kg/d, respectively; p < 0.01). Concentrations of NEFA were greater for LG than MG (p = 0.04) and were affected by a VMSUP × day interaction (p < 0.01), with greater concentrations for NoVTM on d 83. Insulin was greater for NoVTM than VTM (p = 0.01). A GAIN × day interaction (p < 0.01) was observed for IGF-1, with greater concentrations for MG on d 83. At d 83, P4 concentrations were greater for MG than LG (GAIN × day, p < 0.01), and MG had greater (p < 0.01) corpus luteum weights versus LG. Even though fetal BW was not affected (p ≥ 0.27), MG fetuses had heavier (p = 0.01) femurs than LG, and VTM fetuses had heavier (p = 0.05) livers than those from NoVTM. Additionally, fetal liver as a percentage of BW was greater in fetuses from VTM (P = 0.05; 3.96 ± 0.06% BW) than NoVTM (3.79 ± 0.06% BW), and from LG (p = 0.04; 3.96 ± 0.06% BW) than MG (3.78 ± 0.06% BW). A VMSUP × GAIN interaction was observed for fetal small intestinal weight (p = 0.03), with VTM-MG being heavier than VTM-LG. Therefore, replacement heifer nutrition during early gestation can alter the development of organs that are relevant for future offspring performance. These data imply that compensatory mechanisms are in place in the developing conceptus that can alter the growth rate of key metabolic organs possibly in an attempt to increase or decrease energy utilization.

The Impact of Mineral Supplementation on Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome.

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is an endocrinopathy that is common among women of reproductive age. It is a heterogeneous disorder with an unknown etiology. Different strategies have been proposed for the treatment of PCOS. Recent studies recommend supplementation with specific minerals for treating various PCOS phenotypes. We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, and SCOPUS databases by using search terms combining PCOS with the supplementation of magnesium, zinc, selenium, or chromium. This review presents a narrative concerning the association between PCOS and magnesium, zinc, selenium, and chromium supplementation. We review findings from various randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses conducted in women of childbearing age with PCOS. Recent reports highlight the beneficial effect of minerals on the clinical and metabolic symptoms of PCOS. Further studies are required to establish the appropriate dosage level of these minerals for ameliorating the pathologies associated with PCOS because of the potential health risks linked with higher doses.

Mineral supplementation (injectable) improved reproductive performance in Holstein cows managed in a warm summer environment.

Sustainability of dairy production depends largely on reproductive efficiency that is affected by heat stress due to high ambient temperature and humidity during summer. Supplementation of minerals has been proposed as a management strategy to minimize adverse impact of heat stress on fertility. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of an injectable mineral supplement (Fosfosan) containing selenium (Se), copper (Cu), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) on the ovarian structures, reproductive hormones and conception rate of heat-stressed Holstein cows. Sixteen cows were assigned during summer to one of two treatments, a control group (CON; n = 8) and a mineral-supplemented group (SUP; n = 8). Ambient temperature and relative humidity records were collected and processed to estimate the temperature-humidity index (THI), which confirmed a heat-stressed environment during the study (avg. THI = 79.4). Cows were subjected to a fixed-time artificial insemination (FTAI) program using the CIDR-Synch synchronization protocol. Traits indicative of ovarian activity were recorded during and after this protocol, as well as serum concentrations of reproductive hormones. Pregnancy diagnosis was made 28 and 35 d after FTAI. A completely randomized block design with repeated measures over time was performed to study ovarian functional structures and its hormonal profiles. Correlations and regressions were estimated to study relationships between ovarian structures and related hormones. Mineral supplementation did not increase follicular diameter or follicular populations (p > .05), yet tended to increase corpus luteum diameter (p < .10), and it enhanced (p < .01) oestrogen and progesterone serum concentrations and improved (p < .05) cow's conception rate. Diameter of dominant follicles and corpus luteum was correlated (p < .05) with oestrogen and progesterone levels, respectively, but only in mineral-treated cows. Two additional dairy herds were evaluated to confirm that mineral supplementation improved conception rate during the heat stress period (objective 2). Cows from dairy 1 received FTAI during winter (n = 401) and summer (n = 240), whereas cows from dairy 2 were bred after natural detected oestrus during winter (n = 558) and summer (n = 314). Conception rates were higher (p < .05) in winter than summer and they improved (p < .05) with mineral supplementation, but only in cows managed during summer. In conclusion, supplementation of minerals enhanced hormonal secretion from ovarian structures and improved conception rate in Holstein cows exposed to summer heat stress.

Experiences and Lessons Learned in Developing and Implementing a Population-Based Nutrition and Health Surveillance System in Guatemala 2011-2021.

Background: Practice-based experiences documenting development and implementation of nutrition and health surveillance systems are needed. Objectives: To describe processes, methods, and lessons learned from developing and implementing a population-based household nutrition and health surveillance system in Guatemala. Methods: The phases and methods for the design and implementation of the surveillance system are described. Efforts to institutionalize the system in government institutions are described, and illustrative examples describing different data uses, and lessons learned are provided. Results: After initial assessments of data needs and consultations with officials in government institutions and partners in the country, a population-based nutrition surveillance system prototype with complex sampling was designed and tested in 5 Guatemalan Highland departments in 2011. After dissemination of the prototype, government and partners expanded the content, and multitopic nutrition and health surveillance cycles were collected in 2013, 2015, 2016, 2017/18, and 2018/19 providing nationally representative data for households, women of reproductive age (15-49 y), and children aged 0-59 mo. For each cycle, data were to be collected from 100 clusters, 30 households in each, and 1 woman and 1 child per household. Content covered ∼25 health and nutrition topics, including coverage of all large-scale nutrition-specific interventions; the micronutrient content of fortifiable sugar, salt, and bread samples; anthropometry; and biomarkers to assess annually, or at least once, ∼25 indicators of micronutrient status and chronic disease. Data were collected by 3-5 highly trained field teams. The design was flexible and revised each cycle allowing potential changes to questionnaires, population groups, biomarkers, survey design, or other changes. Data were used to change national guidelines for vitamin A and B-12 interventions, among others, and evaluate interventions. Barriers included frequent changes of high-level government officials and heavy dependence on US funding. Conclusions: This system provides high-quality data, fills critical data gaps, and can serve as a useful model for others.

The Need and Safety of Mineral Supplementation in Adults with Obesity Post Bariatric Surgery-Sleeve Gastrectomy (SG).

PURPOSE: Most of the research indicated that daily dietary intake of minerals in SG patients was lower than the current recommendations. The aim of the study was to assess the need and safety of a mineral supplementation practice in adults with obesity, at 3, 6, and 9 months post bariatric surgery-sleeve gastrectomy (SG). METHODS: The study included 24 women and 6 men. Based on a 4-day food record questionnaire, mineral and calorie intake was calculated at 3, 6, and 9 months after bariatric surgery (SG). Furthermore, an interview on supplement intake was also conducted. RESULTS: It was found that in both men and women, there was a dietary intake deficiency of calcium (97% of respondents), potassium (97%), magnesium (83%), sodium (60%), and zinc (53%). In women, the deficiencies also included iron (50%) and copper (29%). Only 72% of the patients took dietary supplements. The applied supplementation did not adjust for the required intake of calcium in all of the patients, as well as the intake of magnesium in the male patients. Low intake of sodium and potassium were not supplemented and should be corrected by diet modification. The patients did not require supplementation of phosphorus or manganese, while male patients did not require iron or copper supplementation. The dietary and/or supplemental intake of minerals did not exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL). CONCLUSION: The results of the study confirm the need to implement personalized mineral supplementation for bariatric surgery patients.

Protein Intake, Adherence to Vitamin-Mineral Supplementation, and Dumping Syndrome in Patients Undergoing One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass.

INTRODUCTION: One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is an effective bariatric procedure. However, nutritional deficiencies or dumping syndrome (DS) may occur. The aim of this study was to assess adherence to nutritional recommendations and development of DS in a 3-year OAGB patient follow-up. METHODS: For 150 OAGB patients, in our center, data were collected through the electronic platform and by an individual telephone interview. The inclusion criterion is OAGB as a primary bariatric procedure, no revisional surgery, or no pregnancy. The adequacy of daily protein intake cutoff was defined as 60 g. Adherence to micronutrient supplementation protocol was considered if a minimum of 5 takes/week were reported. To evaluate the occurrence of DS, the Sigstad score questionnaire was used. For statistical analysis, a significance level less than 5% (p < 0.05) was considered. RESULTS: A total of 150 patients (80% females), BMI 44.3 ± 21.3 kg/m2, were subjected to the OAGB procedure. Of those, 128 fulfilled the study inclusion criteria. After 3 years, the mean %EBMIL was 78.4 ± 14.4. During the 3-year follow-up, the average protein intake was 60 g/day, and 48% reported an adequate daily protein intake. Adherence to the micronutrient supplementation protocol was reported by 70%. According to the Sigstad score questionnaire, DS was present in 24% of patients. CONCLUSION: A significant part of OAGB patients does not comply with the nutrition prescription assessed, emphasizing the need to improve team/patient communication strategies. Long-term studies are needed to characterize and assess the health impact of protein, vitamin, and mineral malnutrition in patients undergoing OAGB.

Rearing in female-only groups and dietary mineral supplementation improves sow welfare in the early parities and lifetime performance.

The lifetime performance of commercial sows relies on longevity, which is dependent on good health and reproductive performance. However, there is a high rate of wastage of sows in the early parities, which is influenced by the way they are managed and housed during rearing. This study investigated the carry-over effect of gilt rearing strategy on the measures of welfare and performance. Eighty sows were reared using a two by two factorial design: rearing group composition [GC; female-only (FEM) or mixed-sex (MIX) from weaning] with or without supplementary minerals (CON = control diet; SUPP = control + Cu, Zn, and Mn) from 5 wk into the finisher stage. Once served, gilts were managed in a dynamic group gestation pen and fed a standard gestating sow diet. Locomotory ability was scored (0 to 5) and salivary cortisol measured five times during the first gestation, and human approach tests were carried out on day 108. Hooves were scored for injuries and legs for bursas at day 70 of the first gestation, at first weaning, and at the second farrowing. Sow behavior in the hoof scoring crate (movement, vocalization, and handling ease) was also recorded. The number of piglets born alive and dead during the first five parities was recorded as was the performance of the first litter to finish. Data were analyzed using general or generalized linear mixed models, as appropriate, using SAS (v 9.4). There was no effect (P > 0.05) of rearing treatment on locomotory ability, bursa score, the total number of piglets born, or on offspring growth. However, there was an interaction between GC and supplementary minerals (P < 0.05) on salivary cortisol levels with MIX × SUPP sows having the highest levels. Total hoof scores and heel erosion scores were higher in sows reared in MIX groups (P < 0.01), and CON sows tended to have higher horizontal crack scores (P = 0.06). Sows from MIX kicked more at weaning than FEM (P < 0.05) and tended to be more fearful in the forced human approach test (P = 0.1) where they are scored on their reaction to being approached. They also had more stillborn piglets across all five parities than FEM (P < 0.05). Overall, rearing replacement sows in FEM groups and dietary mineral supplementation had minimal but beneficial effects on their subsequent welfare and performance.

Management of Risk Factors Associated with Chronic Oral Lesions in Sheep.

Oral disorders constitute a significant cause of weight loss in sheep. In a study of disorders of the oral cavity of 36,033 sheep from 60 meat sheep flocks in Spain, we looked for management risk factors associated with chronic oral lesions. Mandibular and maxillary disorders were assessed as an external manifestation of oral lesions by palpation, searching for tissue swellings, fistulae, or open wounds. The prevalence of flocks containing sheep with jaw disorders was 98.3%, with an average individual prevalence of 5.5%. The majority of lesions were located in in the mid-region of the mandible, and the most relevant risk factor was increasing age. Use of acidic diets based on silage and inclusion of hard foods, such as maize straw or hay, was associated with the occurrence of jaw inflammation. It was concluded that hard diets containing plant material with edges and sharp areas, plus acidic foods including silage, are more likely to cause lesions of the gingiva, enabling entry of pathogens to the oral mucosa that eventually establish locally in bony tissues, usually as mandibular osteomyelitis. It was also observed that mineral supplementation appears to prevent the occurrence of these lesions.

Chronic copper poisoning in beef cattle in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil / Intoxicação crônica por cobre em bovinos de corte no Estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil

Copper is an essential micromineral in animal feed; however, when consumed in excess, it can cause liver necrosis, hemolytic crisis, hemoglobinuric nephrosis and death in cattle. Although uncommon in this species, copper poisoning occurs as a result of exacerbated supplementation, deficiency of antagonist microminerals, or previous liver lesions. An outbreak of chronic copper poisoning is reported in semi-confined cattle after supplementation with 50 mg/Kg of dry matter copper. The cattle showed clinical signs characterized by anorexia, motor incoordination, loss of balance, jaundice, brownish or black urine, diarrhea and death, or were found dead, 10 to 302 days after consumption. Of the 35 cattle that died, 20 underwent necropsy, whose frequent findings were jaundice, enlarged liver with evident lobular pattern, black kidneys, and urinary bladder with brownish to blackish content. Microscopically, the liver showed vacuolar degeneration and/or zonal hepatocellular centrilobular or paracentral coagulative necrosis, in addition to cholestasis, mild periacinal fibrosis, apoptotic bodies, and mild to moderate mononuclear inflammation. Degeneration and necrosis of the tubular epithelium and intratubular hemoglobin cylinders were observed in the kidneys. Copper levels in the liver and kidneys ranged from 5,901.24 to 28,373.14 µmol/kg and from 303.72 to 14,021 µmol/kg, respectively. In conclusion, copper poisoning due to excessive nutritional supplementation is an important cause of jaundice, hemoglobinuria, and death in semi-confined cattle.(AU)

Cobre é um micromineral essencial, que quando em excesso induz necrose hepática, crise hemolítica, nefrose hemoglobínurica e morte em bovinos. As intoxicações, apesar de incomuns nessa espécie, ocorrem devido a suplementação exacerbada de cobre, pela deficiência de microminerais antagonistas ou secundária a lesão hepática prévia. Relata-se um surto de intoxicação crônica por cobre em bovinos semiconfinados após suplementação com 50mg/kg de cobre em matéria seca. Os bovinos manifestaram sinais clínicos caracterizados por anorexia, incoordenação motora, perda de equilíbrio, icterícia, urina acastanhada ou negra, diarreia e morte ou foram encontrados mortos, após 10 a 302 dias do início de consumo. De 35 bovinos que morreram 20 foram submetidos à necropsia sendo achada frequente icterícia, fígado aumentado e com padrão lobular evidente, rins pretos e bexiga urinária repleta de conteúdo acastanhado a enegrecida. Microscopicamente, no fígado havia degeneração vacuolar e ou necrose coagulativa hepatocelular zonal, centrolobular ou paracentral, além de degeneração vacuolar com corpúsculos de Councilman, colestase, fibrose periascinar leve, e inflamação de discreta a moderada. Nos rins havia degeneração e necrose do epitélio tubular assim como cilindros de hemoglobina intratubulares. Os níveis de cobre no fígado e rim foram de 5.901,24 a 28.373,14µmol/kg e 303,72 a 14.021µmol/kg respectivamente. A suplementação nutricional excessiva com cobre pode causar doença hemolítica com icterícia, hemoglobinúria e morte de bovinos mantidos em sistema de semiconfinamento.(AU)

In vitro assessment of mineral blocks as a cost-effective measure to reduce oral bioavailability of lead (Pb) in livestock.

Soil contamination in former mining districts is a persistent problem resulting from the historic lack of legal requirements as regards land restoration after mine closures. Much of this polluted land is currently being used worldwide for livestock and big game production, with the consequent health risks for the animals exposed and the subsequent threats to food safety. Soil remediation and restoration may be unfeasible or difficult to accomplish in the short term when pollution affects large territories and other alternatives must, therefore, be explored in order to reduce the probability of grazing animals being exposed to this contamination. In this paper, we study the use of mineral blocks (MBs) as a potential alternative by which to reduce the oral bioavailability of lead (Pb) in polluted soils by means of a simplified in vitro assay simulating gastrointestinal pH conditions. Experiments were carried out with twelve commercial MBs of different compositions in order to identify the most useful to be tested in further in vivo bioavailability studies. The results showed that one of them reduced the bioaccessibility of Pb from polluted soil by 88.2% and 75.9% under gastric and intestinal conditions, respectively, when compared with assays containing only polluted soil without MBs. The MB in question had the highest phosphorus content (7%) and one of the highest calcium contents (10%) of all those tested. Furthermore, negative correlations were detected between the content of calcium and phosphorus in the MBs and the percentage of bioaccessible Pb under gastric conditions, and between phosphorus and bioaccessible Pb under intestinal conditions. The use of MBs with a high phosphorus and calcium content should consequently be tested in vivo as a cost-effective (€ 0.6-1.5/sheep/month) tool by which to reduce the bioavailability of Pb for extensive grazing livestock reared in contaminated areas.

Influence of organic chromium supplementation on the performance of beef calves undergoing weaning-related stress / Influência da suplementação com cromo orgânico no desempenho de bezerros de corte submetidos ao estresse da desmama

Dietary chromium supplementation before, during, and after weaning was conducted to evaluate the hypothesis that chromium supplementation could reduce weaning-induced cortisol release in beef calves. We examined the effects of chromium supplementation in 150 crossbred calves (male and female) between five and six months of age. The calves were randomly divided by sex and breed into two equal homogeneous groups (n=75). One group was used as the control, and the other experimental group received supplementation with 0.9mg of chromium carbon-amino-phospho-chelate per 100kg BW. The chromium supplement was mixed with mineral salt for the consumption of 0.1% of BW, and the supplement was administered via creep feeding 60 days before and 60 days after forced weaning. Calves were weighed, and their blood and urine samples were obtained at four time-points: T0 (60 days before weaning), T1 (at weaning), T2 (48 hours after weaning), and T3 (60 days after weaning). Blood samples were used to determine chromium, cortisol, total protein, and albumin concentrations, and urine samples were used to determine urinary creatinine and chromium levels. Cumulative weight gain was higher in calves supplemented with chromium before weaning and during the experiment (P<0.05). In addition, weaning-related stress caused an increase in chromium excretion in the urine, and chromium supplementation reduced stress, which resulted in lower cortisol and total protein levels during weaning.(AU)

O estudo foi realizado para avaliar a hipótese de que a suplementação dietética com cromo antes, durante e após a desmama possa diminuir a concentração de cortisol causado por este processo em bezerros de corte. Para tal, foram utilizados 150 bezerros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, entre cinco e seis meses de idade. Os animais foram divididos randomicamente por sexo e grupo genético em dois grupos homogêneos (n=75), um mantido como controle e outro suplementado com 0,9mg de carboaminofosfoquelato de cromo/100 kg PV misturado a um sal proteinado para ser consumido na base de 0,1% do PV via creep feeding, no decorrer de 60 dias antes e 60 dias após à desmama forçada. Os animais foram pesados e foram coletadas amostras sanguíneas e urinárias no M0 (60 dias antes da desmama), M1 (desmama), M2 (48 horas após a desmama) e M3 (60 dias após à desmama) para determinação de cromo, cortisol, proteína total e albumina no sangue e da concentração urinária de creatinina e cromo. O ganho acumulado de peso foi superior nos bezerros suplementados com cromo antes da desmama e no decorrer de todo o experimento (P<0,05). A suplementação com cromo reduziu os teores de cortisol e de proteína total durante a desmama. O estresse da desmama provocou aumento da excreção de cromo pela urina.(AU)

Supplementation with an Inorganic Iron Source Modulates the Metalloproteomic Profile of the Royal Jelly Produced by Apis mellifera L.

This study aimed to evaluate the quality of the royal jelly produced by Apis mellifera bees in the presence of different iron concentrations (ferrous sulfate heptahydrate-0, 25, 50, and 100 mg L-1). Two-dimensional electrophoresis was used for the fractionation of royal jelly proteins, and iron level was quantified using flame atomic absorption spectrometry technique. The proteins were identified using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry. Analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test (P < 0.05) was utilised. Dietary supplementation with mineral Fe affected the protein content and number of proteins in the experimental period. Further, the diet containing the highest iron concentration showed a greater number of spots containing iron, as well as in the abdomen of the bees. The most protein containing Fe were classified as major royal jelly proteins. These results showed that Fe influenced the quality of royal jelly and can improve its nutritional value.